Russia’s attempts to reestablish its footing in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) over the past decade have engendered few changes in regional public opinion towards the country. Findings from Arab Barometer’s latest wave of data (2023-2024) reveal that MENA publics’ attitudes towards Russia have been unaltered by its invasion of Ukraine, though outright majorities of citizens in surveyed countries do not support Russia’s war there. Nor has Russia’s attempt to use the Israel-Hamas war in Gaza to position itself against the U.S. (and more broadly the “West”) seem to have resoundingly reverberated with public opinion in surveyed countries. Unlike regional views of China[i], which have become more favorable as a punishing mechanism against the U.S., Russia’s posturing on this regional crisis to promote its image mostly has fallen on deaf ears.
Arab Barometer’s eighth wave has collected data from nationally representative, face-to-face surveys of citizens ages 18 and over in seven countries: Jordan (November 2023-January 2024), Kuwait (February-March 2024), Lebanon (February-April 2024), Mauritania (February-March 2024), Morocco (December 2023-January 2024), the Palestinian Territories (September- October 2023), and Tunisia (September-November 2023). Notably, data collection in Palestine concluded on the eve of 7th October, and in Tunisia, exactly half of all surveys were conducted before and half after this date.
In 2024, the majority of citizens in Tunisia (60 percent) and Morocco (58 percent) and nearly half in Kuwait (49 percent) and Jordan (47 percent) have a very or somewhat favorable view of Russia. Fewer citizens share the same opinion in Lebanon and Mauritania (43 percent in each) and Palestine (29 percent). Between 2022 and 2024, favorable views of Russia increased slightly in Jordan (+8 percentage points) and more dramatically in Tunisia (+17 percentage points) and Morocco (+20 percentage points). Over the same time period, views remained unchanged in Palestine and Mauritania and fell by 9 percentage points in Lebanon.
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Yet in all countries surveyed—including those where Russia’s favorability has increased over the past two years—minority shares of citizens view the Russian invasion of Ukraine favorably. At 30 percent, support for the invasion is highest in Tunisia (where Russian favorability is also highest), but in Morocco, where a majority have a favorable view of the country overall, only 16 percent of citizens strongly or somewhat approve of the invasion. Like in Morocco, fewer than a quarter of citizens in Palestine (22 percent), Kuwait (22 percent), Lebanon (21 percent), Mauritania (15 percent), and Jordan (14 percent) condone Russia’s actions in Ukraine.
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Unsurprisingly, favorable views of Russia and support for its invasion of Ukraine covary: Among those who view Russia favorably, the percentage of citizens who support the invasion of Ukraine is significantly higher than those who oppose it. Yet notably, across surveyed countries there are nonetheless significant percentages of citizens who hold favorable views of Russia but not its war.
The ways in which Russia’s invasion of Ukraine have impacted the economic[ii] and geopolitical[iii] landscape of the MENA region have been widely documented. Globally, and particularly for non-GCC MENA region countries, supply chain disruptions to wheat in particular sent food prices skyrocketing.[iv] The Food Security Information Network’s 2023 Global Report on Food Crises[v] noted that in Lebanon, 33 percent of Lebanese residents and 46 percent of Syrian refugees faced crisis levels of food insecurity. In the Palestinian Territories, 53 percent of the Gaza Strip’s population and 11 percent of the West Bank’s population were acutely food insecure. Tunisia and Morocco[vi], while not among the list of countries with major food crises in 2022, were nonetheless hit hard by the rising prices of imports of food (and energy): both countries saw increases in their account deficits fueled primarily by widening energy and agriculture trade deficits. Tunisia’s account deficit rose to just under 10 percent, up from 6 percent in 2021, and Morocco’s rose to 4 percent, up from 2 percent in the previous year. By all accounts, such consequences in these four countries were directly—though not exclusively—related to the war in Ukraine.
While global food prices had receded to pre-war levels by December 2022, the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization 2023 report on the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World[vii] nonetheless suggests that the ripple effects of Russia’s war will last well into the future. This is particularly true for lower-middle income countries and lower income countries that are disproportionally adversely affected by rising prices.[viii]
Food insecurity continues to be a significant challenge for the MENA region, with 2024 Arab Barometer data revealing that majorities in Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestine, and Tunisia report that they often or sometimes ran out of food before having money to buy more. Yet, when asked what the primary cause of food insecurity is, most citizens in surveyed countries point to government mismanagement as the root cause, followed by inflation. Across all six countries, fewer than one in five citizens say the biggest cause of food insecurity is the war in Ukraine, and the highest shares of citizens attributing food-related problems to the war are in Tunisia (18 percent) and Morocco (12 percent). While the interruption of grain supplies is directly linked to inflation, publics do not primarily or exclusively attribute it to the fallout of Russia’s war.
Instead, and as has been said of official state positions particularly in the Gulf, the view that the war in Ukraine is “somebody else’s issue”[ix] seems largely applicable to public opinion in countries surveyed as part of Arab Barometer’s eighth wave. There are more pressing or more proximate crises both domestically and regionally that garner more concern among citizens, though none so as much as the most recent crisis in the Gaza Strip.
Russia has adopted a neutral stance on the war in Gaza, leveraging it as part of both regional and domestic strategies.[x] Moscow’s most recent overtures to the Palestinian cause have been embroiled in its larger attempts to position itself against the U.S.[xi] in the MENA region and frame its actions in Ukraine in an ironic pursuit of a moral high ground.[xii] Yet despite its historical and most recent attempts[xiii], Russia’s posturing on Palestine has had few reverberations thus far in MENA public opinion, both before and after 7th October 2023.
At 29 percent, the share of citizens who have a favorable view of Russia in Palestine, where Arab Barometer survey fielding concluded on 6th October, is the lowest of any country surveyed this wave. Even in Tunisia, where Russia’s favorability is highest, Russia’s posturing on Gaza in the aftermath of 7th October seems to have had little effect on Tunisian public opinion. An extensive analysis[xiv] conducted by Arab Barometer’s research team revealed that favorability towards Russia did not change in Tunisia in the month following Israel’s attack, despite the country hosting a visit by Russian President Vladimir Putin for the first time since the war in Ukraine began. Based on mean estimates from a line best fitted to three-day rolling averages of public opinion, 56 percent of Tunisians favorably viewed Russia prior to 7th October while 53 percent held the same view after it, a change that is statistically insignificant.
Elsewhere in the region, fewer than one in five citizens in each Morocco (17 percent), Lebanon (15 percent), Kuwait (14 percent), Jordan (6 percent), and Mauritania (5 percent) say they believe that Russia is one of the parties committed to defending Palestinian rights, and equally small shares of citizens across these countries believe it is committed to defending Israeli rights. Despite Moscow’s efforts to position itself as a possible broker to the conflict, only 19 percent of citizens in Morocco, 12 percent in Kuwait, and 8 percent in each Mauritania, Lebanon, and Jordan believe Russia is suited to mediate a fair political solution. As such, Moscow’s attempt to use the war in Gaza to position itself against the U.S. is not working if only because MENA publics seem at best uncertain and at worst dubious of what Russia’s stance on the war is.
Instead, the gains Russia has made in favorability in Tunisia and Morocco and the relative stasis of opinions towards it in Jordan, Lebanon, and Palestine suggest that citizens’ views are potentially being mediated through country-specific bilateral agreements or through uneasiness about other regional alliances Russia is trying to forge. Russia’s effort to position itself alongside China and Iran as a counterweight to American influence in MENA seems to have few if any of its desired effects on public opinion.
While Russia’s military- and energy-driven policy focus does not directly compete[xv] with China’s focus on economic development in the region, Moscow’s most recent efforts in North Africa suggest an attempt to vie for political influence through economic cooperation[xvi], particularly in the area of food security: in 2023, Russia became actively more involved in supplying wheat to both Morocco and Tunisia. This may explain why the percentage of citizens who want to strengthen economic relations with Russia increased to 43 percent in Morocco and 73 percent in Tunisia, representing 15- and 21-point increases, respectively, between 2022 and 2024. Elsewhere, citizens’ desires to strengthen relations remained relatively unchanged.
Yet the efficacy of Moscow’s economic efforts in North Africa should not be overstated. Changes in desire to strengthen economic relations with external powers tend to be confounded by citizens’ overarching openness to globalization. Findings from Arab Barometer surveys reveal that, with few exceptions, trend lines tend to fluctuate in tandem: that is, citizens’ desires to strengthen economic relations with various foreign countries tend to rise, fall, or remain constant across the set of foreign countries rather than to see desires to strengthen ties with one country drastically rise and with another country drastically fall. Instead, what changes is the degree to which preferences rise and fall (that is, the percentage point increase or decrease between any two years).
Desires to strengthen economic ties with each Russia and China fit this pattern. Only in Tunisia does the desire to strengthen economic ties with Russia increase more drastically than the desire to strengthen economic ties with China. And across surveyed countries, the share of citizens who want to strengthen economic relations with China is higher than the share who want to do the same with Russia.
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If Moscow’s economic efforts are only marginally helping it in North Africa, its attempts to strengthen ties with Tehran[xvii] and its backing of the Assad regime in Syria may be having a dampening effect on public opinion elsewhere in MENA. Iran’s position on Israel’s ongoing war effort in Gaza seems to have helped it little in the region, where minority shares of citizens in Lebanon (36 percent), Palestine (28 percent), and Jordan (25 percent) have a very or somewhat favorable view of the country, a view that has not changed much over time. Indeed, majorities of citizens in all surveyed countries believe that Iran’s political influence in the region poses a critical or important threat to their national security interests. And with the exception of Tunisia, fewer than one third of citizens in the remaining six surveyed countries believe that Syrian President Bashar Assad’s foreign policy is very good or good for the region. Though perhaps not a direct referendum on Russia’s policies in MENA, public opinion regionally is highly critical of the allies Moscow has chosen.
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While profitable, Russia’s interventionism in MENA has been limited by MENA countries that, on the one hand, know Russia “will supplement, rather than supplant, the U.S. security role”[xviii] and on the other, nonetheless leverage the relationship with Moscow “to pressure Washington for greater leniency on domestic governance and wrangle concessions.” This ploy of autocratic endurance does not seem entirely lost on MENA citizens who remain at least as critical of Russia’s actions and skeptical of its intentions as they are of their own governments’. Winning citizens’ hearts and minds might not be an explicit component of Russia’s foreign policy in the MENA region, but if it is, it is faltering.
[i] Robbins, M., Jamal, A.A. and Tessler, M. (2024). “America Is Losing the Arab World and China Is Reaping the Benefits”, Arab Barometer, 11 June 2024, retrieved from: https://www.arabbarometer.org/media-news/america-is-losing-the-arab-world-and-china-is-reaping-the-benefits/.
[ii] Belhaj, F. (2022). “Compounded stress: The impact of the war in Ukraine on the Middle East and North Africa”, World Bank Blogs, 7 March 2022, retrieved from: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/arabvoices/compounded-stress-impact-war-ukraine-middle-east-and-north-africa.
[iii] Fruganti, L. (2023). “How the Ukraine War Has Disrupted the MENA Region, One Year On”, ISPI, 24 February 2023, retrieved from: https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/how-the-ukraine-war-has-disrupted-the-mena-region-one-year-on-117984.
[iv] Welsh, C. (2024). “Russia, Ukraine, and Global Food Security: A Two-Year Assessment”, CSIS, 27 February 2024, retrieved from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-ukraine-and-global-food-security-two-year-assessment.
[v] Food Security Information Network (20230/ “2023 Global Report on Food Crises”, retrieved from: https://www.fsinplatform.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/GRFC2023-compressed.pdf.
[vi] Fabiani, R. (2023). “The Ukraine War’s Economic Impact on North Africa: Winners, Losers, and a Dangerous Lack of Long-Term Vision”, ISPI, 14 June 2023, retrieved from: https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/the-ukraine-wars-economic-impact-on-north-africa-winners-losers-and-a-dangerous-lack-of-long-term-vision-132037.
[vii] FAO (2023). “The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023”, retrieved from: https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/2241e4d7-dbcb-46e9-ab05-70db6050ccf9.
[viii] Welsh, C. (2024). “Russia, Ukraine, and Global Food Security: A Two-Year Assessment”, CSIS, 27 February 2024, retrieved from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/russia-ukraine-and-global-food-security-two-year-assessment.
[ix] Cafiero, G. (2024). “Two years on, what does the Ukraine war mean for the Middle East?”, The New Arab, 5 March 2024, retrieved from: https://www.newarab.com/analysis/two-years-what-ukraine-war-means-middle-east.
[x] Lovotti, C. (2024). “Gaza War: What Does Russia Want?”, ISPI, 28 February 2024, retrieved from: https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/gaza-war-what-does-russia-want-165278.
[xi] Dunne, C.W. (2023). “Russia and China on Gaza: Sidelined, Lurking-or Winning?”, Arab Center Washington DC, 22 December 2023, retrieved from: https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/russia-and-china-on-gaza-sidelined-lurking-or-winning/.
[xii] Psaropoulos, J.T. (2023). “Russian diplomacy leverages Israel-Hamas war for moral high ground”, Al Jazeera, 20 November 2023, retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/20/russian-diplomacy-leverages-israel-hamas-war-for-moral-high-ground.
[xiii] Osborn, A. (2023). “Russia’s Putin tries to use Gaza war to his geopolitical advantage”, Reuters, 17 November 2023, retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/world/russias-putin-sees-political-economic-upside-israels-war-with-hamas-2023-11-17/.
[xiv] Robbins, M., Roche, M., Jamal, A.A., Al-Shami, S. and Tessler, M. (2023). “How the Israel-Hamas War in Gaza Is Changing Arab View””, Foreign Affairs, 14 December 2023, retrieved from: https://www.arabbarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/how-the-israel-hamas-war-in-gaza-is-changing-arab-views-2023-12-14.pdf.
[xv] Dahshan, A. (2024). “China and Russia in the Middle East: Seeking Integration Under a ‘Common Goal’”, Wilson Center, 17 May 2024, retrieved from: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/china-and-russia-middle-east-seeking-integration-under-common-goal.
[xvi] Cristiani, D. (2024). “Russia Fails to Convert Economic Ties Into Political Influence in North Africa”, The Jamestown Foundation, 31 January 2024, retrieved from: https://jamestown.org/program/russian-fails-to-convert-economic-ties-into-political-influence-in-north-africa/.
[xvii] Azizi, H. and Notte, H. (2024). “Russia’s Dangerous New Friends”, Foreign Affairs, 14 February 2024, retrieved from: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/russian-federation/russias-dangerous-new-friends.
[xviii] Wehrey, F. (2022). “The Impact of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine in the Middle East and North Africa”, Carnegie, 19 May 2022, retrieved from: https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2022/05/the-impact-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa?lang=en.